双三次 Bezier 曲面
双三次 Bezier 曲面的定义
Bezier 曲面是由 Bezier 曲线扩展得到,它是两组正交的 Bezier 曲线控制点构造空间网格生成的曲面
p ( u , v ) = ∑ i = 0 3 ∑ j = 0 3 P i , j B i , 3 ( u ) B j , 3 ( v ) , ( u , v ) ∈ [ 0 , 1 ] × [ 0 , 1 ] \begin{equation} \bm{p}(u, v) = \sum_{i=0}^{3}\sum_{j=0}^{3} P_{i,j}B_{i, 3}(u)B_{j,3}(v), (u, v) \in [0, 1] \times [0, 1] \end{equation} p(u,v)=i=0∑3?j=0∑3?Pi,j?Bi,3?(u)Bj,3?(v),(u,v)∈[0,1]×[0,1]??
其中, P i j P_{ij} Pij? 是 16 个控制点, B i , 3 ( u ) B_{i, 3}(u) Bi,3?(u) 和 B j , 3 ( v ) B_{j, 3}(v) Bj,3?(v) 是 Bernstein 基函数。
对 (1) 式展开,有
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\begin{equation} \bm{p}(u, v) = \begin{bmatrix} B_{0, 3}(u) & B_{1, 3}(u) & B_{2, 3}(u) & B_{3, 3}(u) \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} P_{0, 0} & P_{0, 1} & P_{0, 2} & P_{0, 3} \\ P_{1, 0} & P_{1, 1} & P_{1, 2} & P_{1, 3} \\ P_{2, 0} & P_{2, 1} & P_{2, 2} & P_{2, 3} \\ P_{3, 0} & P_{3, 1} & P_{3, 2} & P_{3, 3} \\ \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} B_{0, 3}(v) \\ B_{1, 3}(v) \\ B_{2, 3}(v) \\ B_{3, 3}(v) \end{bmatrix} \end{equation}
p(u,v)=[B0,3?(u)?B1,3?(u)?B2,3?(u)?B3,3?(u)?]
?P0,0?P1,0?P2,0?P3,0??P0,1?P1,1?P2,1?P3,1??P0,2?P1,2?P2,2?P3,2??P0,3?P1,3?P2,3?P3,3??
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?B0,3?(v)B1,3?(v)B2,3?(v)B3,3?(v)?
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B 0 , 3 ( u ) , B 1 , 3 ( u ) , B 2 , 3 ( u ) , B 3 , 3 ( u ) , B 0 , 3 ( v ) , B 1 , 3 ( v ) , B 2 , 3 ( v ) , B 3 , 3 ( v ) B_{0, 3}(u),B_{1, 3}(u),B_{2, 3}(u),B_{3, 3}(u), B_{0, 3}(v), B_{1, 3}(v), B_{2, 3}(v), B_{3, 3}(v) B0,3?(u),B1,3?(u),B2,3?(u),B3,3?(u),B0,3?(v),B1,3?(v),B2,3?(v),B3,3?(v)是三次 Bernstein 基函数,
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\begin{equation} \begin{cases} B_{0, 3}(u) = -u^3 + 3u^2 -3u +1 \\ B_{1, 3}(u) = 3u^2 -6u^2+3u \\ B_{2, 3}(u) = -3u^3 + 3u^2 \\ B_{3, 3}(u) = u^3 \end{cases} \end{equation}
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??B0,3?(u)=?u3+3u2?3u+1B1,3?(u)=3u2?6u2+3uB2,3?(u)=?3u3+3u2B3,3?(u)=u3???
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\begin{equation} \begin{cases} B_{0, 3}(v) = -v^3 + 3v^2 -3v +1 \\ B_{1, 3}(v) = 3v^2 -6v^2+3v \\ B_{2, 3}(v) = -3v^3 + 3v^2 \\ B_{3, 3}(v) = v^3 \end{cases} \end{equation}
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??B0,3?(v)=?v3+3v2?3v+1B1,3?(v)=3v2?6v2+3vB2,3?(v)=?3v3+3v2B3,3?(v)=v3???
p ( u , v ) = [ u 3 u 2 u 1 ] [ ? 1 3 ? 3 1 3 ? 6 3 0 ? 3 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 ] [ P 0 , 0 P 0 , 1 P 0 , 2 P 0 , 3 P 1 , 0 P 1 , 1 P 1 , 2 P 1 , 3 P 2 , 0 P 2 , 1 P 2 , 2 P 2 , 3 P 3 , 0 P 3 , 1 P 3 , 2 P 3 , 3 ] [ ? 1 3 ? 3 1 3 ? 6 3 0 ? 3 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 ] [ v 3 v 2 v 1 ] \begin{equation} p(u, v) = \begin{bmatrix} u^3 & u^2 & u & 1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} -1 & 3 & -3 & 1 \\ 3 & -6 & 3 & 0 \\ -3 & 3 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} P_{0, 0} & P_{0, 1} & P_{0, 2} & P_{0, 3} \\ P_{1, 0} & P_{1, 1} & P_{1, 2} & P_{1, 3} \\ P_{2, 0} & P_{2, 1} & P_{2, 2} & P_{2, 3} \\ P_{3, 0} & P_{3, 1} & P_{3, 2} & P_{3, 3} \\ \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} -1 & 3 & -3 & 1 \\ 3 & -6 & 3 & 0 \\ -3 & 3 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} v^3 \\ v^2 \\ v \\ 1 \end{bmatrix} \end{equation} p(u,v)=[u3?u2?u?1?] ??13?31?3?630??3300?1000? ? ?P0,0?P1,0?P2,0?P3,0??P0,1?P1,1?P2,1?P3,1??P0,2?P1,2?P2,2?P3,2??P0,3?P1,3?P2,3?P3,3?? ? ??13?31?3?630??3300?1000? ? ?v3v2v1? ???
令
U = [ u 3 u 2 u 1 ] , V = [ v 3 v 2 v 1 ] \bm{U} = \begin{bmatrix} u^3 & u^2 & u & 1 \end{bmatrix} , \bm{V} = \begin{bmatrix} v^3 & v^2 & v & 1 \end{bmatrix} U=[u3?u2?u?1?],V=[v3?v2?v?1?]
M = [ ? 1 3 ? 3 1 3 ? 6 3 0 ? 3 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 ] , P = [ P 0 , 0 P 0 , 1 P 0 , 2 P 0 , 3 P 1 , 0 P 1 , 1 P 1 , 2 P 1 , 3 P 2 , 0 P 2 , 1 P 2 , 2 P 2 , 3 P 3 , 0 P 3 , 1 P 3 , 2 P 3 , 3 ] \bm{M} = \begin{bmatrix} -1 & 3 & -3 & 1 \\ 3 & -6 & 3 & 0 \\ -3 & 3 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{bmatrix} , \bm{P} = \begin{bmatrix} P_{0, 0} & P_{0, 1} & P_{0, 2} & P_{0, 3} \\ P_{1, 0} & P_{1, 1} & P_{1, 2} & P_{1, 3} \\ P_{2, 0} & P_{2, 1} & P_{2, 2} & P_{2, 3} \\ P_{3, 0} & P_{3, 1} & P_{3, 2} & P_{3, 3} \\ \end{bmatrix} M= ??13?31?3?630??3300?1000? ?,P= ?P0,0?P1,0?P2,0?P3,0??P0,1?P1,1?P2,1?P3,1??P0,2?P1,2?P2,2?P3,2??P0,3?P1,3?P2,3?P3,3?? ?
p ( u , v ) = U M P M T V T \begin{equation} \bm{p}(u, v) = \bm{U}\bm{M}\bm{P}\bm{M}^{T}\bm{V}^{T} \end{equation} p(u,v)=UMPMTVT??
M \bm{M} M 是对称矩阵,即 M T = M M^T = M MT=M.
生成曲面时,可以先固定 u 变化 v 得到一簇 Bezier 曲线,然后固定 v,变化 u 得到另一簇 Bezier 曲线,两卒曲线交织生成双三次 Bezier 曲面。
这里的程序算法的示意说明
// 读取控制点
void ReadControlPoint(Point3 P[4][4]) {
double M[4][4];
M[0][0] = -1;M[0][1] = 3;M[0][2] = -3;M[0][3] = 1;
M[1][0] = 3;M[1][1] = -6;M[1][2] = 3;M[1][3] = 0;
M[2][0] = -3;M[2][1] = 3;M[2][2] = 0;M[2][3] = 0;
M[3][0] = 1;M[3][1] = 0;M[3][2] = 0;M[3][3] = 0;
Point3 mControlPoint[4][4];
for (int i=0; i<4; i++) {
for (int j=0; j<4; j++) {
mControlPoint[i][j] = P[i][j]
}
}
// 数字矩阵左乘 三维点矩阵 M * mControlPoint
// 计算转置矩阵 M^T
// 数字矩阵右乘 三维点矩阵 mControlPoint * M
double setp = 0.1;
double u3, u2, u1, u0, v3, v2, v1, v0;
// 定义 Point Pt;
for (double u=0; u<=1; u+=step) {
for (double v=0; v<=1; v+=step) {
u3 = u*u*u; v3 = v*v*v;
u2 = u*u; v2 = v*v;
u1 = u; v1 = v;
u0 = 1; v0 = 1;
Pt = ....
// 根据公式计算出 pt
// 斜二投影
//if (v == 0) 特殊处理
// 绘制点
}
}
for (double v=0; v<=1; v+=step) {
for (double u=0; u<=1; u+=step) {
u3 = u*u*u; v3 = v*v*v;
u2 = u*u; v2 = v*v;
u1 = u; v1 = v;
u0 = 1; v0 = 1;
Pt = ....
// 根据公式计算出 pt
// 斜二投影
//if (u == 0) 特殊处理
// 绘制点
}
}
}
// 计算斜二投影
Point2 ObliqueProjection(Point3 P3) {
Ponit2 P2;
P2.x = P3.x - P3.z * sqrt(2.0) / 2.0;
P2.y = P3.y - P3.z * sqrt(2.0) / 2.0;
return P2;
}
参考 《计算几何算法与实现》孔令德
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