一起学docker(六)| Dockerfile自定义镜像 + 微服务模块实战

2024-01-07 17:16:49

DockerFile

是什么

Dockerfile是用来构建Docker镜像的文本文件,是由一条条构建镜像所需的指令和参数构成的脚本。

在这里插入图片描述

构建步骤
  1. 编写Dockerfile文件
  2. docker build命令构建镜像
  3. docker run运行镜像
Dockerfile构建过程
基础知识
  • 每个保留字指令都必须为大写字母且后面要跟随至少一个参数
  • 指令从上到下,顺序执行
  • #号表示注释
  • 每条指令都会创建一个新的镜像层,并对镜像进行提交
Docker执行Dockerfile的大致流程
  1. docker从基础镜像运行一个容器
  2. 执行一条指令并对容器做出修改
  3. 执行类似docker commit的操作提交一个新的镜像层
  4. docker再基于刚提交的镜像运行一个新容器
  5. 执行Dockerfile中下一条指令直到所有指令都执行完成
总结

从应用软件的角度来看,Dockerfile、Docker镜像与Docker容器分别代表软件的三个不同阶段,

  • Dockerfile是软件的原材料
  • Docker镜像是软件的交付品
  • Docker容器则可以认为是软件镜像的运行态,也即依照镜像运行的容器实例

Dockerfile面向开发,Docker镜像成为交付标准,Docker容器则涉及部署与运维,三者缺一不可,合力充当Docker体系的基石。

在这里插入图片描述

  1. Dockerfile,需要定义一个Dockerfile,Dockerfile定义了进程需要的一切东西。Dockerfile涉及的内容包括执行代码或者是文件、环境变量、依赖包、运行时环境、动态链接库、操作系统的发行版、服务进程和内核进程(当应用进程需要和系统服务和内核进程打交道,这时需要考虑如何设计namespace的权限控制)等等;

  2. Docker镜像,在用Dockerfile定义一个文件之后,docker build时会产生一个Docker镜像,当运行 Docker镜像时会真正开始提供服务;

  3. Docker容器,容器是直接提供服务的。

常用保留字指令
关键字作用备注
FROM指定基础镜像指定一个已经存在的镜像作为父镜像,第一条指令必须是FROM
WAINTAINER指定作者信息一般是姓名+邮箱(name<mail>)
LABEL标明dockerfile的标签可以使用Label代替Maintainer,最终都是在docker image基本信息中可以查看
RUN构建镜像时运行的命令容器构建时需要运行的命令;有两种格式:shell格式、exec格式;RUN是在docker build时运行
shell格式在这里插入图片描述
exec格式在这里插入图片描述
EXPOSE暴露端口定义容器运行的时候监听的端口,启动容器的使用-p来绑定暴露端口,格式: EXPOSE 8080 或者 EXPOSE 8080/udp
WORKDIR指定工作目录指定在创建容器后,终端默认登陆的进来工作目录,一个落脚点
USER指定执行用户指定build或者启动的时候 用户 在RUN CMD ENTRYPONT执行的时候的用户
ENV设置环境变量指定build时候的环境变量 可以在启动的容器的时候 通过-e覆盖 格式ENV name=value
ADD添加文件将宿主机目录下的文件拷贝进镜像且会自动处理URL和解压tar压缩包
COPY复制文件类似ADD,拷贝文件和目录到镜像中。
将从构建上下文目录中 <源路径> 的文件/目录复制到新的一层的镜像内的 <目标路径> 位置
VOLUME定义外部可以挂载的数据卷用于数据保存和持久化;
指定build的image哪些目录可以启动的时候挂载到文件系统中 启动容器的时候使用 -v 绑定 格式 VOLUME [“目录”]
CMD指定容器启动后的要干的事情在这里插入图片描述Dockerfile 中可以有多个 CMD 指令,但只有最后一个生效,CMD 会被 docker run 之后的参数替换
ENTRYPOINT也是用来指定一个容器启动时要运行的命令类似于 CMD 指令,但是ENTRYPOINT不会被docker run后面的命令覆盖,而且这些命令行参数会被当作参数送给 ENTRYPOINT 指令指定的程序
  • RUN和CMD的区别

    • CMD是在docker run时运行
    • RUN是在docker build时运行
  • ENTRYPOINT

    • 命令格式:ENTRYPOINT ["<executeable>", "<param1>", "<param2>",...]

    • ENTRYPOINT可以和CMD一起用,一般是变参才会使用 CMD ,这里的 CMD 等于是在给 ENTRYPOINT 传参。当指定了ENTRYPOINT后,CMD的含义就发生了变化,不再是直接运行其命令而是将CMD的内容作为参数传递给ENTRYPOINT指令,他两个组合会变成<ENTRYPOINT>"<CMD>"

    • 案例:

      假设已通过 Dockerfile 构建了 nginx:test 镜像:

      • FROM nginx
        
        ENTRYPOINT ["nginx", "-c"]  # 定参
        CMD ["/etc/nginx/nginx.conf"]  # 变参
        
      • 是否传参Docker命令衍生出的实际命令
        按照dockerfile编写执行docker run nginx:testnginx -c /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
        传参运行docker run nginx:test -c /etc/nginx/new.confnginx -c /etc/nginx/new.conf

总结:

在这里插入图片描述

自定义centos镜像
  1. 编写dockerfile文件

    FROM centos:7
    MAINTAINER jiang<2790810983@qq.com>
    
    ENV MYPATH /usr/local
    WORKDIR $MYPATH
    
    #安装vim编辑器
    RUN yum -y install vim
    #安装ifconfig命令查看网络IP
    RUN yum -y install net-tools
    
    EXPOSE 80
    
    CMD echo $MYPATH
    CMD echo "------ok--------"
    
    CMD /bin/bash
    
    [root@VM-4-9-centos dockerfile]# pwd
    /dockerfile
    [root@VM-4-9-centos dockerfile]# cat mydockerfile-centos 
    FROM centos:7
    MAINTAINER jiang<2790810983@qq.com>
    
    ENV MYPATH /usr/local
    WORKDIR $MYPATH
    
    #安装vim编辑器
    RUN yum -y install vim
    #安装ifconfig命令查看网络IP
    RUN yum -y install net-tools
    
    EXPOSE 80
    
    CMD echo $MYPATH
    CMD echo "------ok--------"
    
    CMD /bin/bash
    
  2. 构建docker build -f mydockerfile-centos -t mycentos:1.0 .(注意:. 前面有空格;官方命名Dockerfile,使用其编写文件,build时不需要-f指定文件)

    [root@VM-4-9-centos dockerfile]# docker build -f mydockerfile-centos -t mycentos:1.0 .
    [+] Building 76.7s (8/8) FINISHED                                                                                                                                           docker:default
     => [internal] load build definition from mydockerfile-centos                                                                                                                         0.0s
     => => transferring dockerfile: 318B                                                                                                                                                  0.0s
     => [internal] load .dockerignore                                                                                                                                                     0.0s
     => => transferring context: 2B                                                                                                                                                       0.0s
     => [internal] load metadata for docker.io/library/centos:7                                                                                                                          16.9s
     => [1/4] FROM docker.io/library/centos:7@sha256:9d4bcbbb213dfd745b58be38b13b996ebb5ac315fe75711bd618426a630e0987                                                                    11.8s
     => => resolve docker.io/library/centos:7@sha256:9d4bcbbb213dfd745b58be38b13b996ebb5ac315fe75711bd618426a630e0987                                                                     0.0s
     => => sha256:9d4bcbbb213dfd745b58be38b13b996ebb5ac315fe75711bd618426a630e0987 1.20kB / 1.20kB                                                                                        0.0s
     => => sha256:dead07b4d8ed7e29e98de0f4504d87e8880d4347859d839686a31da35a3b532f 529B / 529B                                                                                            0.0s
     => => sha256:eeb6ee3f44bd0b5103bb561b4c16bcb82328cfe5809ab675bb17ab3a16c517c9 2.75kB / 2.75kB                                                                                        0.0s
     => => sha256:2d473b07cdd5f0912cd6f1a703352c82b512407db6b05b43f2553732b55df3bc 76.10MB / 76.10MB                                                                                      6.6s
     => => extracting sha256:2d473b07cdd5f0912cd6f1a703352c82b512407db6b05b43f2553732b55df3bc                                                                                             4.8s
     => [2/4] WORKDIR /usr/local                                                                                                                                                          0.1s
     => [3/4] RUN yum -y install vim                                                                                                                                                     40.6s
     => [4/4] RUN yum -y install net-tools                                                                                                                                                4.3s
     => exporting to image                                                                                                                                                                2.8s 
     => => exporting layers                                                                                                                                                               2.7s 
     => => writing image sha256:b7a758d3704aa39b122ac1684fd8555406a5ea213ae5907308b96a9be53cd38d                                                                                          0.0s 
     => => naming to docker.io/library/mycentos:1.0                                                                                                                                       0.0s 
    [root@VM-4-9-centos dockerfile]# docker images                                                                                                                                             
    REPOSITORY                    TAG                 IMAGE ID       CREATED          SIZE                                                                                                     
    mycentos                      1.0                 b7a758d3704a   27 seconds ago   666MB
    
  3. 运行(可以看到在基础的镜像上增加了vim和查看ip的功能

    [root@VM-4-9-centos dockerfile]# docker run -it b7a758d3704a /bin/bash
    [root@4f4c909635fe local]# vim a.txt
    [root@4f4c909635fe local]# cat a.txt 
    aaa
    [root@4f4c909635fe local]# ifconfig
    eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
            inet 172.17.0.5  netmask 255.255.0.0  broadcast 172.17.255.255
            ether 02:42:ac:11:00:05  txqueuelen 0  (Ethernet)
            RX packets 8  bytes 656 (656.0 B)
            RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
            TX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
            TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0
    
    lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu 65536
            inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
            loop  txqueuelen 1000  (Local Loopback)
            RX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
            RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
            TX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
            TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0
    
  4. 查看镜像生成过程docker history 镜像ID

    [root@VM-4-9-centos dockerfile]# docker history b7a758d3704a
    IMAGE          CREATED          CREATED BY                                      SIZE      COMMENT
    b7a758d3704a   28 minutes ago   CMD ["/bin/sh" "-c" "/bin/bash"]                0B        buildkit.dockerfile.v0
    <missing>      28 minutes ago   CMD ["/bin/sh" "-c" "echo \"------ok--------…   0B        buildkit.dockerfile.v0
    <missing>      28 minutes ago   CMD ["/bin/sh" "-c" "echo $MYPATH"]             0B        buildkit.dockerfile.v0
    <missing>      28 minutes ago   EXPOSE map[80/tcp:{}]                           0B        buildkit.dockerfile.v0
    <missing>      28 minutes ago   RUN /bin/sh -c yum -y install net-tools # bu…   189MB     buildkit.dockerfile.v0
    <missing>      28 minutes ago   RUN /bin/sh -c yum -y install vim # buildkit    274MB     buildkit.dockerfile.v0
    <missing>      29 minutes ago   WORKDIR /usr/local                              0B        buildkit.dockerfile.v0
    <missing>      29 minutes ago   ENV MYPATH=/usr/local                           0B        buildkit.dockerfile.v0
    <missing>      29 minutes ago   MAINTAINER jiang<2790810983@qq.com>             0B        buildkit.dockerfile.v0
    <missing>      23 months ago    /bin/sh -c #(nop)  CMD ["/bin/bash"]            0B        
    <missing>      23 months ago    /bin/sh -c #(nop)  LABEL org.label-schema.sc…   0B        
    <missing>      23 months ago    /bin/sh -c #(nop) ADD file:b3ebbe8bd304723d4…   204MB     
    [root@VM-4-9-centos dockerfile]# 
    
自定义tomcat镜像
  1. 编写Dockerfile文件

    FROM centos:7
    
    MAINTAINER jiang<2790810983@qq.com>
    
    ADD jdk-8u381-linux-x64.tar.gz /usr/local
    ADD apache-tomcat-9.0.78.tar.gz /usr/local
    
    RUN yum -y install vim
    
    ENV MYPATH /usr/local
    
    WORKDIR $MYPATH
    
    ENV JAVA_HOME /usr/local/jdk1.8.0_381
    ENV CLASSPATH $JAVA_HOME/lib/dt.jar:$JAVA_HOME/lib/tools.jar
    
    ENV CATALINA_HOME /usr/local/apache-tomcat-9.0.78
    ENV CATALINA_BASH /usr/local/apache-tomcat-9.0.78
    ENV PATH $PATH:$JAVA_HOME/bin:$CATALINA_HOME/lib:$CATALINA_HOME/bin
    
    EXPOSE 8080
    
    CMD /usr/local/apache-tomcat-9.0.78/bin/startup.sh && tail -F /usr/local/apache-tomcat-9.0.78/bin/logs/catalina.out
    
  2. 构建镜像docker build -t tomcat-jiang:1.0 .

    [root@VM-4-9-centos dockerfile]# docker build -t tomcat-jiang:1.0 .
    [+] Building 0.2s (10/10) FINISHED                                                                                                                                          docker:default
     => [internal] load build definition from Dockerfile                                                                                                                                  0.0s
     => => transferring dockerfile: 639B                                                                                                                                                  0.0s
     => [internal] load .dockerignore                                                                                                                                                     0.0s
     => => transferring context: 2B                                                                                                                                                       0.0s
     => [internal] load metadata for docker.io/library/centos:7                                                                                                                           0.0s
     => [1/5] FROM docker.io/library/centos:7                                                                                                                                             0.0s
     => [internal] load build context                                                                                                                                                     0.0s
     => => transferring context: 99B                                                                                                                                                      0.0s
     => CACHED [2/5] ADD jdk-8u381-linux-x64.tar.gz /usr/local                                                                                                                            0.0s
     => CACHED [3/5] ADD apache-tomcat-9.0.78.tar.gz /usr/local                                                                                                                           0.0s
     => CACHED [4/5] RUN yum -y install vim                                                                                                                                               0.0s
     => CACHED [5/5] WORKDIR /usr/local                                                                                                                                                   0.0s
     => exporting to image                                                                                                                                                                0.0s
     => => exporting layers                                                                                                                                                               0.0s
     => => writing image sha256:a955df44eb4b65dee47a3dabdec2df4dd3af83e467d9bc6734ea9da5ebbfaf06                                                                                          0.0s
     => => naming to docker.io/library/tomcat-jiang:1.0 
    [root@VM-4-9-centos dockerfile]# docker images
    REPOSITORY                    TAG                 IMAGE ID       CREATED         SIZE
    tomcat-jiang                  1.0                 a955df44eb4b   2 hours ago     837MB
    mycentos                      1.0                 b7a758d3704a   5 hours ago     666MB
    
  3. 运行即可访问到主页docker run -id --name=tomcat-jiang -p 8080:8080 -v /home/tomcat-jiang/webapps/test:/usr/local/apache-tomcat-9.0.78/webapps/test -v /home/tomcat-jiang/tomcatlogs/:/usr/local/apache-tomcat-9.0.78/logs tomcat-jiang:1.0

虚悬镜像

仓库名、标签信息都是<none>的镜像,俗称dangling image

  • docker image ls -f dangling=true 查看虚悬镜像
  • docker image prune 删除

自定义一个虚悬镜像:

[root@VM-4-9-centos dockerfile]# vim danglingdockerfile
[root@VM-4-9-centos dockerfile]# cat danglingdockerfile 
FROM ubuntu

CMD echo'--------ok--------'

[root@VM-4-9-centos dockerfile]# docker build -f danglingdockerfile .
[+] Building 17.0s (5/5) FINISHED                                                                                                                                           docker:default
 => [internal] load build definition from danglingdockerfile                                                                                                                          0.0s
 => => transferring dockerfile: 88B                                                                                                                                                   0.0s
 => [internal] load .dockerignore                                                                                                                                                     0.0s
 => => transferring context: 2B                                                                                                                                                       0.0s
 => [internal] load metadata for docker.io/library/ubuntu:latest                                                                                                                     16.8s
 => [1/1] FROM docker.io/library/ubuntu@sha256:626ffe58f6e7566e00254b638eb7e0f3b11d4da9675088f4781a50ae288f3322                                                                       0.1s
 => => resolve docker.io/library/ubuntu@sha256:626ffe58f6e7566e00254b638eb7e0f3b11d4da9675088f4781a50ae288f3322                                                                       0.0s
 => => sha256:626ffe58f6e7566e00254b638eb7e0f3b11d4da9675088f4781a50ae288f3322 1.42kB / 1.42kB                                                                                        0.0s
 => => sha256:7cc0576c7c0ec2384de5cbf245f41567e922aab1b075f3e8ad565f508032df17 529B / 529B                                                                                            0.0s
 => => sha256:ba6acccedd2923aee4c2acc6a23780b14ed4b8a5fa4e14e252a23b846df9b6c1 1.46kB / 1.46kB                                                                                        0.0s
 => exporting to image                                                                                                                                                                0.0s
 => => exporting layers                                                                                                                                                               0.0s
 => => writing image sha256:bceab7bc196f17008c0ef5c5333dc29217c84ab0e4669b0a66021e1481eb5a86                                                                                          0.0s
[root@VM-4-9-centos dockerfile]# docker images
REPOSITORY                    TAG                 IMAGE ID       CREATED          SIZE
mytomcat                      1.0                 85a142640f0d   33 minutes ago   837MB
mingdajiang/mytomcat          1.0                 85a142640f0d   33 minutes ago   837MB
mycentos                      1.0                 b7a758d3704a   3 hours ago      666MB
<none>                        <none>              bceab7bc196f   22 months ago    72.8MB
[root@VM-4-9-centos dockerfile]# docker image ls -f dangling=true
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED         SIZE
<none>       <none>    bceab7bc196f   22 months ago   72.8MB
[root@VM-4-9-centos dockerfile]# docker image prune
WARNING! This will remove all dangling images.
Are you sure you want to continue? [y/N] y
Deleted Images:
deleted: sha256:bceab7bc196f17008c0ef5c5333dc29217c84ab0e4669b0a66021e1481eb5a86

Total reclaimed space: 0B
[root@VM-4-9-centos dockerfile]# docker image ls -f dangling=true
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID   CREATED   SIZE
[root@VM-4-9-centos dockerfile]# 

Docker微服务实战

  1. 新建微服务模块

  2. 生成jar包

  3. 编写Dockerfile vim Dockerfile

    # 基础镜像
    FROM openjdk:8u102
    # 作者
    MAINTAINER jiang<2790810983@qq.com>
    # 将jar包放到容器中
    COPY finance.jar finance.jar
    # 运行jar包
    ENTRYPOINT ["java", "-jar", "finance.jar"]
    # 暴露端口
    EXPOSE 8080
    
  4. 将微服务jar包上传到和Dockerfile同一目录

    [root@VM-4-9-centos finance]# ls
    Dockerfile  finance.jar
    [root@VM-4-9-centos finance]# 
    
  5. 构建镜像 docker build -t finance:1.0 .

  6. 运行容器 docker run -id -p 9000:8080 --name financeapp -v /home/finance/log:/var/applogs finance:1.0

  7. 访问测试

    在这里插入图片描述

文章来源:https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_52164430/article/details/135375395
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