apt和apt-get的区别
环境
- RHEL 9.3
- Docker Community 24.0.7
- Ubuntu Docker image
- jammy 22.04
- lunar 23.04
- Ubuntu 22.04
问题
apt
和 apt-get
有一些相似之处。比如,如果想安装vim,下面两种方法都可以:
apt install vim
apt-get install vim
那么问题来了:
apt-get
和apt
有什么区别?- 如果二者差不多,为何还要引入
apt
呢? - 如果
apt
比apt-get
好,那还有必要继续使用apt-get
吗,还是应该都使用apt
呢?
背景
Debian系统(比如Ubuntu)使用Advanced Packaging Tool(APT)来管理系统里的包。注意这里的APT不是指 apt
命令。
在基于Debian的Linux系统里,有一系列工具可以和APT交互,用来安装、卸载、管理包, apt-get
就是其中一个,类似的还有 apt-cache
、 apt-config
等。
这些命令通常被称为“低级”(low-level)命令,它们包含很多用户不太常用的功能。另一方面,一些常用的包管理功能分散在各种 apt-xxx
命令里。
为了简化,引入了 apt
命令。 apt
包含了 apt-xxx
命令里最常用的功能,这样,用户就不再需要使用 apt-xxx
命令来管理包,而只需使用一个 apt
命令。
apt
的参数选项比 apt-xxx
少,毕竟是为了方便用户使用,只包含了最常用的功能。
此外, apt
的用户界面更加友好。
区别
接下来用几个示例展示 apt
和 apt-get
的区别。
进度条
(注:本例测试环境为Ubuntu Docker image(jammy,22.04)。)
apt install vim
在安装过程中,会显示进度条:
而使用 apt-get install vim
时,则不会显示进度条。
可以通过配置 /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/99fancy
文件,使得 apt-get
显示进度条:
DPkg::Progress-Fancy "1";
APT::Color "1";
亲测有效。
注:可以通过配置 /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/99progressbar
文件,决定 apt
是否显示进度条:
Dpkg::Progress-Fancy"1";
但在我的测试里,无论是否有该配置, apt
都会显示进度条。我猜测这可能只对旧的Ubuntu版本有效,当时 apt
可能还没有默认显示进度条。
显示可更新包的数量
(注:使用Ubuntu Docker image(jammy,22.04)做 apt update
时,最后显示没有可更新的包。本例使用的是 ubuntu:lunar
Docker image(lunar,23.04)。)
apt update
命令会在最后面,显示可更新包的数量:
apt update
Get:1 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lunar-security InRelease [109 kB]
Get:2 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lunar InRelease [267 kB]
Get:3 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lunar-security/restricted amd64 Packages [612 kB]
Get:4 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lunar-updates InRelease [109 kB]
Get:5 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lunar-backports InRelease [99.9 kB]
Get:6 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lunar-security/main amd64 Packages [610 kB]
Get:7 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lunar-security/universe amd64 Packages [975 kB]
Get:8 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lunar/restricted amd64 Packages [181 kB]
Get:9 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lunar-security/multiverse amd64 Packages [7793 B]
Get:10 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lunar/multiverse amd64 Packages [289 kB]
Get:11 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lunar/universe amd64 Packages [18.7 MB]
Get:12 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lunar/main amd64 Packages [1797 kB]
Get:13 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lunar-updates/universe amd64 Packages [1079 kB]
Get:14 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lunar-updates/main amd64 Packages [712 kB]
Get:15 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lunar-updates/multiverse amd64 Packages [7793 B]
Get:16 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lunar-updates/restricted amd64 Packages [613 kB]
Get:17 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lunar-backports/universe amd64 Packages [4201 B]
Fetched 26.1 MB in 12s (2207 kB/s)
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
3 packages can be upgraded. Run 'apt list --upgradable' to see them.
apt-get update
命令则不显示可更新包的数量:
apt-get update
Get:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lunar InRelease [267 kB]
Get:2 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lunar-security InRelease [109 kB]
Get:3 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lunar-updates InRelease [109 kB]
Get:4 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lunar-backports InRelease [99.9 kB]
Get:5 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lunar-security/multiverse amd64 Packages [7793 B]
Get:6 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lunar/main amd64 Packages [1797 kB]
Get:7 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lunar-security/main amd64 Packages [610 kB]
Get:8 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lunar/universe amd64 Packages [18.7 MB]
Get:9 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lunar-security/universe amd64 Packages [975 kB]
Get:10 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lunar-security/restricted amd64 Packages [612 kB]
Get:11 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lunar/multiverse amd64 Packages [289 kB]
Get:12 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lunar/restricted amd64 Packages [181 kB]
Get:13 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lunar-updates/restricted amd64 Packages [613 kB]
Get:14 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lunar-updates/universe amd64 Packages [1079 kB]
Get:15 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lunar-updates/multiverse amd64 Packages [7793 B]
Get:16 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lunar-updates/main amd64 Packages [712 kB]
Get:17 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu lunar-backports/universe amd64 Packages [4201 B]
Fetched 26.1 MB in 9s (3041 kB/s)
Reading package lists... Done
upgrade
(注:本例测试环境为Ubuntu 22.04(非Docker image)。)
查看 apt
和 apt-get
的帮助:
man apt
:
upgrade is used to install available upgrades of all packages currently installed on the system from the sources configured via sources.list(5). New packages will be installed if required to satisfy dependencies, but existing packages will never be removed. If an upgrade for a package requires the removal of an installed package the upgrade for this package isn’t performed.
man apt-get
:
upgrade is used to install the newest versions of all packages currently installed on the system from the sources enumerated in /etc/apt/sources.list. Packages currently installed with new versions available are retrieved and upgraded; under no circumstances are currently installed packages removed, or packages not already installed retrieved and installed. New versions of currently installed packages that cannot be upgraded without changing the install status of another package will be left at their current version. An update must be performed first so that apt-get knows that new versions of packages are available.
简而言之:
- 共同点:二者都不会删除已安装的包
- 不同点:如果升级时发现有被依赖的新包,则
apt upgrade
会安装新包,而apt-get upgrade
则不会安装新包
例如:
apt --simulate upgrade
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
Calculating upgrade... Done
The following NEW packages will be installed:
linux-headers-5.15.0-91 linux-headers-5.15.0-91-generic linux-image-5.15.0-91-generic linux-modules-5.15.0-91-generic linux-modules-extra-5.15.0-91-generic
The following packages have been kept back:
python3-update-manager update-manager-core
The following packages will be upgraded:
binutils binutils-common binutils-x86-64-linux-gnu cryptsetup cryptsetup-bin cryptsetup-initramfs curl distro-info distro-info-data irqbalance kpartx libbinutils libc-bin libc6 libcryptsetup12 libctf-nobfd0 libctf0 libcurl3-gnutls libcurl4
libsqlite3-0 libssh-4 linux-firmware linux-generic linux-headers-generic linux-image-generic locales multipath-tools openssh-client openssh-server openssh-sftp-server python3-cryptography python3-distro-info python3-software-properties
software-properties-common systemd-hwe-hwdb tar vim vim-common vim-runtime vim-tiny xxd
41 upgraded, 5 newly installed, 0 to remove and 2 not upgraded.
apt-get --simulate upgrade
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
Calculating upgrade... Done
The following packages have been kept back:
linux-generic linux-headers-generic linux-image-generic python3-update-manager update-manager-core
The following packages will be upgraded:
binutils binutils-common binutils-x86-64-linux-gnu cryptsetup cryptsetup-bin cryptsetup-initramfs curl distro-info distro-info-data irqbalance kpartx libbinutils libc-bin libc6 libcryptsetup12 libctf-nobfd0 libctf0 libcurl3-gnutls libcurl4
libsqlite3-0 libssh-4 linux-firmware locales multipath-tools openssh-client openssh-server openssh-sftp-server python3-cryptography python3-distro-info python3-software-properties software-properties-common systemd-hwe-hwdb tar vim
vim-common vim-runtime vim-tiny xxd
38 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 5 not upgraded.
注: --simulate
表示模拟操作,并没有真正升级。
对比可见, apt upgrade
安装了5个新包。这是因为,升级Linux kernel版本,实际上是安装了新的Linux kernel,其包名是不同的,所以对于系统来说,相当于安装了新的包。 apt-get upgrade
不会安装新包。如果想用 apt-get
更新kernel,需要用 dist-upgrade
选项。
对比
虽然 apt
和 apt-get
有一些相似的命令选项,但 apt
并没有设计为向后兼容 apt-get
。这就意味着如果把 apt-get xxx
里的 apt-get
替换为 apt
,则无法保证修改后的命令是正确的。
apt
和 apt-xxx
的简单对比如下:
apt 命令 | 替代的 apt-xxx 命令 | 功能 |
---|---|---|
apt install | apt-get install | 安装包 |
apt remove | apt-get remove | 卸载包 |
apt update | apt-get update | 更新仓库索引 |
apt upgrade | apt-get upgrade | 更新所有可更新的包 |
apt autoremove | apt-get autoremove | 卸载不想要的包 |
apt full-upgrade | apt-get dist-upgrade | 更新包并自动处理依赖 |
apt search | apt-cache search | 查找包 |
apt show | apt-cache show | 显式包详细信息 |
apt
也有一些新的选项:
新的 apt 命令 | 功能 |
---|---|
apt list | 包列表以及是否已安装,是否可升级等信息 |
apt edit-sources | 编辑 sources.list 文件 |
apt-get 过时了吗
没有迹象表明 apt-get
过时了,它仍然比 apt
提供了更多的功能。
对于底层的操作,比如脚本、开发处理APT的CLI工具等, apt-get
仍然会被用到。
使用apt还是apt-get
优先使用 apt
,对于 apt
不包含的功能,再使用 apt-xxx
。
总结
apt
是apt-xxx
的子集apt
简化了使用,并且对用户更加友好- 优先使用
apt
参考
https://itsfoss.com/apt-vs-apt-get-difference
https://www.baeldung.com/linux/apt-vs-apt-get
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