Ubuntu 18.04.5 LTS 解决安装包复杂依赖相关问题解决的主要法则和VIM的安装实录

前言：目标和环境

环境：

Ubuntu 18.04.5 LTS@VMware

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目标：

安装vim，解决包依赖的冲突：

本文，通过一个很好的实例，诠释了，LINUX系统下，安装一个应用遇到的依赖库问题如何解决的基本方法和思路。同时，用一个实录的实例，展示了三个法则的使用方法，尤其是法则3，一步一步走到很里面，解决了VIM安装的问题，相信对大家会有帮助。

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写在前面的结论：

在嵌入式，linux系统中，我们安装一个应用，经常会遇到包依赖的冲突，我们怎么避免？

法则1：

安装任何应用前，不要上来就安装他，记得先系统更新一下，让，所有的之前的库到一个互相兼容的状态：用以下命令：

sudo apt-get update

?遵循这个习惯，大约可以减掉80%你以后要花的时间。

法则2：

能用万能自动依赖差错更新，先用万能依赖查错更新，命令如下：

sudo apt --fix-broken install

这个命令，都不要考虑库，不要输入库，闭眼写，也许就解决了，这可以解决10%你要花费的时间

法则3：

如果，这系统不是你弄的，被别人搞的就不想管了，怎么办？

记住，法则3，看似繁琐，其实是一条亘古不变的可以解决的方法，记住，不要怕繁琐，闭眼，他报了哪个库依赖错误，你就把那个库拎出来，重新安装，那些看似繁琐到天文的LOG恢复，我们稍微用一点法眼，就发现，他其实是告诉你，兄弟，你要整活，那么这里，这里，这里，这里，这里...有问题，他一个一个告诉你，你应该高兴而不是烦躁，把这些冲突的库，都闭眼拿出来重新装，如果装的时候，又提示了下一级的包依赖问题，拿先用法则2，再重新装，记住，先用法则2，再重新装。

sudo apt-get install 

install 后面可接很多，很多，

例如：本例

sudo apt-get install libgl1-mesa-dev libgl-dev libgles2-mesa-dev libglu1-mesa-dev libqt5concurrent5 libqt5printsupport5 libqt5sql5 libqt5test5 libqt5xml5 libxext-dev qt5-qmake qtbase5-dev-tools qtchooser libqt5opengl5-dev

最终必定能解决你的包依赖的问题呀，

下面是实例：

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问题和解决办法：

因为安装vim之前，先安装了tinyserial和Qt，所以报了库兼容的问题：

问题1：

先运行：

vim xx.c

会提示vim，找不到，然后，提示你：

sudo apt-get install vim

(donkey) donkeybot@ubuntu:~$ vim

Command 'vim' not found, but can be installed with:

sudo apt install vim ? ? ??
sudo apt install vim-gtk3 ?
sudo apt install vim-tiny ?
sudo apt install neovim ? ?
sudo apt install vim-athena
sudo apt install vim-gtk ??
sudo apt install vim-nox ?

然后，你运行，报错：

donkey) donkeybot@ubuntu:~$ sudo apt install vim    
[sudo] password for donkeybot: 
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
You might want to run 'apt --fix-broken install' to correct these.
The following packages have unmet dependencies:
 tinyserial : Depends: libqt5x11extras5 but it is not going to be installed
              Depends: libqt5x11extras5-dev but it is not going to be installed
 vim : Depends: vim-common (= 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.13) but 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.3 is to be installed
       Depends: vim-runtime (= 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.13) but it is not going to be installed
E: Unmet dependencies. Try 'apt --fix-broken install' with no packages (or specify a solution).

Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done You might want to run 'apt --fix-broken install' to correct these. The following packages have unmet dependencies: tinyserial : Depends: libqt5x11extras5 but it is not going to be installed Depends: libqt5x11extras5-dev but it is not going to be installed vim : Depends: vim-common (= 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.13) but 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.3 is to be installed Depends: vim-runtime (= 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.13) but it is not going to be installed E: Unmet dependencies. Try 'apt --fix-broken install' with no packages (or specify a solution).

(donkey) donkeybot@ubuntu:~$ sudo apt --fix-broken install tinyserial
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
tinyserial is already the newest version (1.2).
You might want to run 'apt --fix-broken install' to correct these.
The following packages have unmet dependencies:
 tinyserial : Depends: libqt5x11extras5 but it is not going to be installed
              Depends: libqt5x11extras5-dev but it is not going to be installed
E: Unmet dependencies. Try 'apt --fix-broken install' with no packages (or specify a solution).

【分析】

?这里就是Ubuntu系统，认为在：（the?tinyserial?and?vim?packages）之间，发现了不匹配的库依赖（unmet dependencies）。提示解决办法，运行，

sudo apt --fix-broken install

做了，如果不行，然后，tinyserial提示，libqt5x11extras5，libqt5x11extras5-dev，依赖不匹配，vim，Depends: vim-common，Depends: vim-runtime不匹配，咋办？

修复步骤1：

sudo apt-get install libqt5x11extras5 libqt5x11extras5-dev

?问题1.1：

Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done You might want to run 'apt --fix-broken install' to correct these. The following packages have unmet dependencies: libqt5x11extras5-dev : Depends: qtbase5-dev but it is not going to be installed E: Unmet dependencies. Try 'apt --fix-broken install' with no packages (or specify a solution).

?【案，这里又提示，libqt5x11extras5-dev 里面 qtbase5-dev】咋办，这里有问题，那就再重装他别，就是这种重装循环，于是

修复步骤1.1

sudo apt --fix-broken install qtbase5-dev

直接挂fix broken，来重装，结果悲催了，

问题1.1.1

Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done You might want to run 'apt --fix-broken install' to correct these. The following packages have unmet dependencies: qtbase5-dev : Depends: libgl1-mesa-dev but it is not going to be installed or libgl-dev Depends: libgles2-mesa-dev but it is not going to be installed or libgles2-dev but it is not installable Depends: libglu1-mesa-dev but it is not going to be installed or libglu-dev Depends: libqt5concurrent5 (= 5.9.5+dfsg-0ubuntu2.6) but it is not going to be installed Depends: libqt5printsupport5 (= 5.9.5+dfsg-0ubuntu2.6) but it is not going to be installed Depends: libqt5sql5 (= 5.9.5+dfsg-0ubuntu2.6) but it is not going to be installed Depends: libqt5test5 (= 5.9.5+dfsg-0ubuntu2.6) but it is not going to be installed Depends: libqt5xml5 (= 5.9.5+dfsg-0ubuntu2.6) but it is not going to be installed Depends: libxext-dev but it is not going to be installed Depends: qt5-qmake (= 5.9.5+dfsg-0ubuntu2.6) but it is not going to be installed Depends: qtbase5-dev-tools (= 5.9.5+dfsg-0ubuntu2.6) Depends: qtchooser Recommends: libqt5opengl5-dev (= 5.9.5+dfsg-0ubuntu2.6) but it is not going to be installed tinyserial : Depends: libqt5x11extras5 but it is not going to be installed Depends: libqt5x11extras5-dev but it is not going to be installed E: Unmet dependencies. Try 'apt --fix-broken install' with no packages (or specify a solution).

【你现在是不是要崩溃了，越高越多，是不是要放弃了】?

?【案，这时候放弃，你就SB了，这其实发现正在问题了，告诉我，qtbase5-dev，的依赖问题，以及发现了是如此，如此，如此的包不对，也就是找到突破点了】

sudo apt-get install libgl1-mesa-dev libgl-dev libgles2-mesa-dev libglu1-mesa-dev libqt5concurrent5 libqt5printsupport5 libqt5sql5 libqt5test5 libqt5xml5 libxext-dev qt5-qmake qtbase5-dev-tools qtchooser libqt5opengl5-dev

不要慌，死皮赖脸，这些库都有问题对吧，那就再来? 【全部重新装】?

修复步骤1.1.1

[最烦的是这里对吧，后面告诉你怎么弄】现在UP主很傻白甜的一个一个搞出来，重装

sudo apt-get install libgl1-mesa-dev libgl-dev libgles2-mesa-dev libglu1-mesa-dev libqt5concurrent5 libqt5printsupport5 libqt5sql5 libqt5test5 libqt5xml5 libxext-dev qt5-qmake qtbase5-dev-tools qtchooser libqt5opengl5-dev

然后，得到了

问题，1.1.1.1

Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Note, selecting 'libgl1-mesa-dev' instead of 'libgl-dev' You might want to run 'apt --fix-broken install' to correct these. The following packages have unmet dependencies: libgl1-mesa-dev : Depends: mesa-common-dev (= 20.0.8-0ubuntu1~18.04.1) but it is not going to be installed Depends: libglvnd-dev but it is not going to be installed Depends: libdrm-dev (>= 2.4.95) but it is not going to be installed Depends: libx11-dev but it is not going to be installed Depends: libx11-xcb-dev but it is not going to be installed Depends: libxcb-dri3-dev but it is not going to be installed Depends: libxcb-present-dev but it is not going to be installed Depends: libxcb-sync-dev but it is not going to be installed Depends: libxshmfence-dev but it is not going to be installed Depends: libxcb-dri2-0-dev but it is not going to be installed Depends: libxcb-glx0-dev but it is not going to be installed Depends: libxdamage-dev but it is not going to be installed Depends: libxfixes-dev but it is not going to be installed Depends: libxxf86vm-dev but it is not going to be installed Depends: x11proto-dev but it is not going to be installed libgles2-mesa-dev : Depends: libegl1-mesa-dev but it is not going to be installed Depends: libglvnd-dev but it is not going to be installed libqt5opengl5-dev : Depends: libqt5opengl5 (= 5.9.5+dfsg-0ubuntu2.6) but it is not going to be installed Depends: qtbase5-dev (= 5.9.5+dfsg-0ubuntu2.6) but it is not going to be installed libxext-dev : Depends: x11proto-core-dev Depends: x11proto-xext-dev (>= 7.0.99.2) Depends: libx11-dev but it is not going to be installed qt5-qmake : Depends: qt5-qmake-bin (= 5.9.5+dfsg-0ubuntu2.6) tinyserial : Depends: libqt5x11extras5 but it is not going to be installed Depends: libqt5x11extras5-dev but it is not going to be installed E: Unmet dependencies. Try 'apt --fix-broken install' with no packages (or specify a solution).

关键的地方来了哈，UP主本来还想来个循环解决，把这些库都COPY出来，重新装，但是，这么多，，于是，他不是一直提示：

?Try 'apt --fix-broken install' with no packages (or specify a solution).

【为了偷懒】

解决步骤1.1.1.1??

sudo apt --fix-broken install
?

没错，就是这句话，然后，结果是：

Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree ? ? ??
Reading state information... Done
Correcting dependencies... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
? libdrm-dev libegl1-mesa-dev libgl1-mesa-dev libgles1 libgles2-mesa-dev libglu1-mesa-dev libglvnd-core-dev libglvnd-dev
? libopengl0 libpthread-stubs0-dev libqt5concurrent5 libqt5opengl5 libqt5opengl5-dev libqt5printsupport5 libqt5sql5
? libqt5sql5-sqlite libqt5test5 libqt5x11extras5 libqt5x11extras5-dev libqt5xml5 libwayland-bin libwayland-client0
? libwayland-cursor0 libwayland-dev libwayland-egl1 libwayland-server0 libx11-6 libx11-dev libx11-doc libx11-xcb-dev
? libx11-xcb1 libxau-dev libxcb-dri2-0-dev libxcb-dri3-dev libxcb-glx0-dev libxcb-present-dev libxcb-randr0-dev
? libxcb-render0-dev libxcb-shape0-dev libxcb-sync-dev libxcb-xfixes0-dev libxcb1-dev libxdamage-dev libxdmcp-dev libxext-dev
? libxfixes-dev libxshmfence-dev libxxf86vm-dev mesa-common-dev qt5-qmake qt5-qmake-bin qtbase5-dev qtbase5-dev-tools qtchooser
? x11proto-core-dev x11proto-damage-dev x11proto-dev x11proto-fixes-dev x11proto-xext-dev x11proto-xf86vidmode-dev
? xorg-sgml-doctools xtrans-dev
Suggested packages:
? libwayland-doc libxcb-doc libxext-doc default-libmysqlclient-dev firebird-dev libpq-dev libsqlite3-dev unixodbc-dev
The following NEW packages will be installed:
? libdrm-dev libegl1-mesa-dev libgl1-mesa-dev libgles1 libgles2-mesa-dev libglu1-mesa-dev libglvnd-core-dev libglvnd-dev
? libopengl0 libpthread-stubs0-dev libqt5concurrent5 libqt5opengl5 libqt5opengl5-dev libqt5printsupport5 libqt5sql5
? libqt5sql5-sqlite libqt5test5 libqt5x11extras5 libqt5x11extras5-dev libqt5xml5 libwayland-bin libwayland-dev libx11-dev
? libx11-doc libx11-xcb-dev libxau-dev libxcb-dri2-0-dev libxcb-dri3-dev libxcb-glx0-dev libxcb-present-dev libxcb-randr0-dev
? libxcb-render0-dev libxcb-shape0-dev libxcb-sync-dev libxcb-xfixes0-dev libxcb1-dev libxdamage-dev libxdmcp-dev libxext-dev
? libxfixes-dev libxshmfence-dev libxxf86vm-dev mesa-common-dev qt5-qmake qt5-qmake-bin qtbase5-dev qtbase5-dev-tools qtchooser
? x11proto-core-dev x11proto-damage-dev x11proto-dev x11proto-fixes-dev x11proto-xext-dev x11proto-xf86vidmode-dev
? xorg-sgml-doctools xtrans-dev
The following packages will be upgraded:
? libwayland-client0 libwayland-cursor0 libwayland-egl1 libwayland-server0 libx11-6 libx11-xcb1
6 upgraded, 56 newly installed, 0 to remove and 441 not upgraded.
1 not fully installed or removed.
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After this operation, 51.0 MB of additional disk space will be used.
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Get:55 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 libqt5sql5-sqlite amd64 5.9.5+dfsg-0ubuntu2.6 [40.1 kB] ? ?
Get:56 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 libx11-doc all 2:1.6.4-3ubuntu0.4 [2,065 kB] ? ? ? ? ? ? ??
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Setting up tinyserial (1.2) ...
Start to install
cp: overwrite '/opt/tinyserial/tinyserial'? Y
old tinyserial has exist.
delete the old tinyserial app.
set QT_PLUGIN_PATH in file .profile
Install ok
Processing triggers for man-db (2.8.3-2ubuntu0.1) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.27-3ubuntu1.2) ...
?

?结果，他从下往上，把之前的那些几十个依赖包的问题全部解决了！！！！！！！，中间问了两次，其中一次，要不要覆盖老的tinyserial，这不就是和vim冲突的东西吗，兴奋啊

更新了这么多库，感觉做一次全按摩，把系统里面全面检测一二：

修复步骤2：

(donkey) donkeybot@ubuntu:/home/TOFPrj$ sudo apt-get update
Hit:1 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security InRelease
Hit:2 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic InRelease
Hit:3 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates InRelease
Hit:4 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-backports InRelease
Reading package lists... Done

顺利啊，

问题1不就是这个冲突吗，那么我是不是可以重装了，一激动，还把vim写出VIM了，报错

问题2

(donkey) donkeybot@ubuntu:/home/TOFPrj$ sudo apt-get install VIM
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree ? ? ??
Reading state information... Done
E: Unable to locate package VIM
?

解决步骤3?

换成小写：?

sudo apt-get install vim

Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree ? ? ??
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
? vim-common vim-runtime vim-tiny
Suggested packages:
? ctags vim-doc vim-scripts indent
The following NEW packages will be installed:
? vim vim-runtime
The following packages will be upgraded:
? vim-common vim-tiny
2 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 439 not upgraded.
Need to get 6,595 kB/7,147 kB of archives.
After this operation, 32.0 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y
Get:1 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 vim-runtime all 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.13 [5,439 kB]
Get:2 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 vim amd64 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.13 [1,156 kB] ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??
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(Reading database ... 139300 files and directories currently installed.)
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Unpacking vim-tiny (2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.13) over (2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.3) ...
Preparing to unpack .../vim-common_2%3a8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.13_all.deb ...
Unpacking vim-common (2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.13) over (2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.3) ...
Selecting previously unselected package vim-runtime.
Preparing to unpack .../vim-runtime_2%3a8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.13_all.deb ...
Adding 'diversion of /usr/share/vim/vim80/doc/help.txt to /usr/share/vim/vim80/doc/help.txt.vim-tiny by vim-runtime'
Adding 'diversion of /usr/share/vim/vim80/doc/tags to /usr/share/vim/vim80/doc/tags.vim-tiny by vim-runtime'
Unpacking vim-runtime (2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.13) ...
Selecting previously unselected package vim.
Preparing to unpack .../vim_2%3a8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.13_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking vim (2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.13) ...
Setting up vim-common (2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.13) ...
Setting up vim-runtime (2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.13) ...
Setting up vim-tiny (2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.13) ...
Setting up vim (2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1.13) ...
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/vim (vim) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/vimdiff (vimdiff) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/rvim (rvim) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/rview (rview) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/vi (vi) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/view (view) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/ex (ex) in auto mode
Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.13.3-11ubuntu1.1) ...
Processing triggers for hicolor-icon-theme (0.17-2) ...
Processing triggers for mime-support (3.60ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.23-1ubuntu3.18.04.2) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.8.3-2ubuntu0.1) ...
?

真正的安装开始了，而且，顺利：